How radiation helps the immune system kill cancer?

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Radiation therapy, traditionally known for directly killing cancer cells by damaging their DNA, also plays a powerful role in helping the immune system fight cancer. When tumors are exposed to radiation, the damaged cancer cells release signals and fragments—called tumor antigens—that alert the immune system to the presence of the tumor. This process can turn the tumor into an “in situ vaccine,” stimulating immune cells such as dendritic cells and T cells to recognize, target, and attack not only the irradiated tumor but also distant, untreated tumors throughout the body. Radiation can also modify the tumor microenvironment, making it less suppressive and more accessible to immune cells. In combination with immunotherapy, radiation has shown a synergistic effect, enhancing the body's natural ability to detect and eliminate cancer cells more effectively.

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